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Ursel Brown
November 10, 2021, 10 am
Interviewer: Fulton County Schools Archives, Teaching Museum South, Hapeville, Georgia
Interviewee: College Park, Georgia
Interview conducted via Microsoft Teams
Ursel (Miller) Brown is a native of College Park, having attended both J.F. Beavers Elementary School
and Eva Thomas High School, graduating from the latter in 1970 – part of the last graduating class at
that school. After graduation, Brown worked with the US Army Recruiters locally and served as a
College Park City Council member.
Mike Santrock (MS):
So first of all, thanks for sharing your time with us. Uh, and I guess we'll just go ahead and get
started with… Tell us about your background, your childhood, and your family, your parents,
grandparents, any siblings. So, we'll start there.
Ursel Brown (UB):
OK. Uhm… My household consisted of four children. My parents, Reverend Joseph and Lottie Miller,
my grandparents, Deacon Eugene and Alice Hunt. And me and my brother Daniel, Carl and
Henrietta, my sister. Uhm, we all grew up in College Park. My mother was involved with the College
Park Voters League. And she was an activist. Of course, she was also with EOA at that time which
was... Economic Atlanta? My father worked for what is now… was Macy’s, but was Rich’s back then.
My grandfather was a carpenter. And my grandmother was a stay-at-home grandmother. She took
care of everything when everybody else was out.
We came home from school. We had hot meals and there was no such thing as McDonald's and
Burger King. Uh, we had chores. Yeah, you came home, you did your homework, you did your
chores, and everybody sat down at 5:30 or 6 o'clock and we all had dinner. There was no I don't
want to eat this and no TV… everybody sat down at the table.
MS:
So everybody that you just spoke of you all lived in the same house.
UB:
We all lived in the same house. Most of the families in College Park. That's how they lived.
MS:
Yeah. OK, so, you know, I've been to College Park of but I'm not, you know, real familiar with it, and
probably most of our researchers and maybe a lot of students who see this and hear this aren't
familiar. If you were to talk to somebody who'd never been there, um… how would you? How would
you describe College Park while you were growing up at the age you're talking about?
UB:
OK. College Park, the area I lived in, was directly behind City Hall… um, from Princeton Ave.
MS:
Did that area, I'm sorry, did that area have a name? That part of...
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�UB:
Um, that was Main Street. We were right, we were on the other side of Main Street. In fact, College
Park was divided, you know College Park got his name because of the name of the colleges. Conley,
Harvard and all of that. Well, you had a West Harvard which was the side I lived on. And then you
had the east side, which is over by the MARTA station? And I think that's College Park Presbyterian
Church, right there at the MARTA station… that was the east side.
So, it was West side was the black side. East side was the white side. And there was directly behind
City Hall.
MS:
So, were there places that you would frequent as a child growing up, particular hangouts or places
that your parents or grandparents took you?
UB:
Well, the local hangout for everybody was Mack’s Drive-In, which was down at the bottom of
Harvard Ave, which was right beside the old Goode Brother’s chicken processing plant. That was
the local hangout for most of us. Then we had a little area on… uh, Princeton. It was a store there.
We used to hang out. And then there was of course Brady’s Gym, that was the main hang out.
MS:
Was this a hang out with friends or just your siblings or…?
UB:
Well friends, all of us, because all of us knew each other. All of our siblings knew other siblings. So,
it was a community thing.
MS:
So, speaking of community, and since you know we are the school system archives. Um, so our focus
today will be kind of on education, uh… that you received back when you were a child. So, let's go
back to your first memories as a student. Where did you attend school? Uh, earliest bit of scheme.
UB:
Well, right, I attended JF Beavers Elementary School. Uh, which is now College Park Elementary, but
that's where I attended. Uh, kindergarten, yeah kindergarten through the 7th grade. At that time
schools went from first… I'm sorry… from 1st to 7th grade. And from 7th grade we went to high
school.
Uh, all of us… all of the kids in the community, that's where we went to school before they split us
up and half of us went to JF Beavers and then the other half went to Sophie M. Avery, which is over
off of Yale Ave, where the old Lottie Miller apartments used to be.
MS:
What happened to those apartments?
UB:
Well, the airport bought up that most of those the property now that you see in College Park, from
Camp Creek all the way back to Main Street, was zoned commercial back in the early 60s. So, uh…
when the airport took over, FAA guidelines says you can't have people living up under the guide
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�patterns of the airplanes because, where the apartments were, that was glide pattern for all the jets
going into Hartsfield. And uh, on certain days you could see the fog of jet fuel they used to dump.
MS:
Wow.
UB:
So those apartments were eventually bought out like all the other houses were bought out by the
airport and they were demolished. So right now, that land is sitting vacant with the possibility of
building on it for the new construction thing they're having to do: Six West.1
MS:
So you saw the development of the airport over your lifetime to what it is now. The growth there.
UB:
Oh yes.
MS:
And so the lot of land around College Park was kind of enveloped into that process, I guess.
UB:
Yes, a lot of it, um... most of their houses where College Park Elementary sits now… all of those
houses were bought up by the airport except for a few, but the majority of the airport took them.
MS:
Uh-huh
UB:
I mean they sold to the airport; they didn’t take them. They sold it to them. And some of the people,
they didn't have house notes. They had house notes. Because a lot of the houses didn't cover the
equitable amount for the homes that they had paid for. Some of those homes were 30 and 40 years
old.
MS:
So what do you mean when you said they had house notes, but they did?
UB:
Well, most of the people, before the airport bought their homes… they weren't paying house notes.
Their houses were paid for.
MS:
Oh, I see what you mean.
UB:
And when they, uh, the airport bought them up, they had to give them a home that was equal to
what they had. And of course, they being the airport, we all knew that wasn’t happening.
1
At the time of this interview, a mixed-use construction project was underway in the area of College Park, Georgia,
west of the town’s MARTA station.
3
�MS:
Right? Sure.
UB:
So they ended up having small notes.
MS:
The, so this development is going on… is it is it affecting inequitably certain people? Like, I guess I'm
speaking specifically of Black neighborhoods. Is that where the property for the… was that kind of
most of the development from the airport?
UB:
Six West? Are you talking of Six West?
MS:
Uh, I'm talking about. Uh, I guess I'm talking historically, as the airport was expanding?
UB:
OK, uh... because we were so close to the runway.
MS:
Yeah.
UB:
…the fifth runway… uh, and I had served on the City Council. I found out that you can't have people
up on the runways. So, the noise level was like… it was over 75. It had gotten so bad you could set
your clock about what time certain planes would come over; what time certain TV shows, you
couldn't watch. It had gotten just that bad.
MS:
Right…
UB:
So that's why they bought out a lot of the people.
MS:
So let's return to the to JF. Beavers, uh… and talk a little bit about that. What was that school like?
What was the building like? We'll start there.
UB:
OK. Well, JF Beavers was really two buildings. We had one that was located where… right across
from Brady Center. It was a smaller building for smaller kids. Uh, I think it went up to… the second.
Then we had the larger red brick building that was on the other side. We could... we had a walkway;
we could cross over to the other side and that building had 3rd through 7th grade in it. It was
upstairs and downstairs. Um, the cafeteria was downstairs. Most of your classrooms were upstairs.
Uh, we had no air conditioner. It was only fans. Uh, we had I called floor to ceiling windows. We had
some big windows. So, in the summertime we had those huge fans and that's what kept us cool.
That's all we had back then.
Um, the food was excellent because a lot of the cooks or women that we knew, we had grown up
with. And we had home cooked meals. And when I say home cooked... I mean they made bread from
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�scratch. They made… most of the best vegetables, if they were canned or frozen, you thought they
were made from scratch. We just had good meals. I'm not like that stuff we got now. That stuff we
got now. No, no, no, no.
MS:
[laughs] Couldn't do that.
UB:
No, couldn’t do that did back then. There was no such thing as gluten free… [inaudible]. There was
no such thing as gluten free sugar, caffeine and stuff like that. We just had good meals.
MS:
Right. So, um… take us through, you know, I know that you went there for several grades, but what
was your kind of your average day? What time did you start?
UB:
See, I think we usually started about… 8:20… 8:25. Um… Our average day went about 3:00 o'clock.
Uh… of course, we had to put up our coats and everything and get ready for the day. We had the
pledge of allegiance and devotion. Um, and then our teachers would tell us what was planned for
that day, that particular day. Sometimes we would have special guests. Uh, but most of the time we
just worked.
MS:
Do you remember any other special guests?
UB:
Oh yes. Our area Superintendent. Her last name was Miss Sinclair. She was not a friendly person.
MS:
Oh no.
UB:
No, she was not a friendly person. She would come in and make remarks and say, “Well, you
know…” when they talk about careers where I never will forget. She said, “Well, you know, we have
some good maids and bricklayers and domestics here.” And we all kind of looked at her like, “Oh
really? OK.” But uh, she would come every other month to see how the schools – quote, unquote –
were doing in her area.
MS:
Right, and she was area Superintendent for Fulton County schools, right?
UB:
Uh huh, at that time.
MS:
Yeah, so how did you get to and from school back then?
UB:
Well, we walked. JF Beavers was walking distance. Uh and most of us walked because we were
nowhere from the school. It’s like sitting smack dab in the middle of the area and we all walked
from everywhere. Uh, we didn't have to worry about nobody snatching us because all the streets…
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�neighbors were on each side, so the kids didn’t have to worry about anything because Miss Jones
was at work… and her kids went to school, then Miss Allen, who was across the street – that didn't
work – she would be watching out. So, everybody had a kind of safeguard… watching out for their
kids.
MS:
I remember… so you and I, uh…on one of our previous meetings, talked about the kind of sense of
community, and I think it even came up to where a lot of the teachers or uh, just everybody knew
each other and kind of, you know, it was almost like… raising children using the village, right? … is
that right, yeah?
UB:
Right, that's right. My third-grade teacher, Miss McCree, lived 3 doors up from me on Conley. And
my 4th grade teacher, Miss Hattie Jones, which would later become the principal, she lived 3 streets
over. So, there's no saying you're going to get away with something because all she said was, “I'll tell
your mother.”
MS:
[laughs]
UB:
And parents then, they stayed with the schools. They were in contact with the schools… and they
told you up front. If the teacher has called me… because we did have some people think we didn't
have phones, but we did it. If the teacher has to call me to come to the school. I'm going to handle
my business right there.
MS:
[laughs] Ah.
UB:
You didn't have… and some people might say no, but you didn't have the discipline problems we
have now in schools because parents took care. And they supported the teachers. There's
something you won’t find: a teacher that mistreated the child, especially when you lived in a
community where everybody knew you. That wasn’t going to happen… and they weren't going to
allow anybody else to come in and do the same thing.
MS:
Right. So, speaking of teachers does, is there any that kind of… from your time at Beavers… is there
any kind of… stick out to you… as leaving one bigger impression than another? Or any memories
about any teachers specifically?
UB:
We had a lot of teachers. Ms. T. Jones, her first name was Thelma, we called her Ms. T. Jones, was my
first-grade teacher. Very soft-spoken, firm, but she loved children, and she loved teaching. It was
nothing that she wouldn't do for you. Very giving person. Uh, there was Miss Huggins. She was a
singer. At any program, she would sing, and she taught music. She was a second-grade teacher, but
she taught music. Um, there was Miss Clark… my fourth-grade teacher. No, she's my um… she
worked with my 4th grade teacher. Miss Clark was a little short lady. She looked almost like a child.
But she, but she was like Roosevelt. She spoke softly and carried a big stick. She didn’t have no
problems, none. There was a Ms. Rowe. And at that time, you know paddling was permitted. And
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�she had her buddy… and her buddy was called Doctor Pepper. You did not want Doctor Pepper,
because Ms. Rowe would call your parent. And you all would have a meeting in the bathroom.
Wouldn’t have no problems with… with you know, Doctor Pepper. [laughs]
MS:
So, the… so if I'm getting this straight, the paddle was named Doctor Pepper?
UB:
It wasn’t a paddle. It was a piece of leather. And she had it cut. Like um… yeah, like a paddle, but she
named it Doctor Pepper and it was brown just like the drink, Doctor Pepper.
MS:
Right. Got it.
UB:
Ah, there was Mr. Stevens. Mr. Stevens was our choral teacher, music teacher. Mr. Stevens was a
sharp dresser. I mean he dressed real sharp, sharp, sharp… church sharp. Everything he wore was
coordinated. But he loved music. He loved music and he taught choral music. And then there's Mr.
Patterson, our band teacher. Ah, course, at that time they were all traveling. Mr. Patterson was
really good. In fact, he's still alive now. Been trying to get in touch with him. He teaches at Clark
Atlanta University and he's over the jazz orchestra at Clark. So those are some of the teachers that
left a big impression on me.
MS:
Interesting. Were you musical?
UB:
Yes, I played the clarinet and the piano.
MS:
So did you all have any music programs back… at Beavers. Did you all?
UB:
Oh now yes, Christmas. We always had a big Christmas production, and we always had it at the gym.
We would have a choral singing. We would have skits. Uh, we would have dance and that's
[inaudible] We had two big programs for the year. We had the Christmas concert in December. And
right before, or either after spring break, we would have a Big Spring concert. And Mr. Stevens, Miss
Huggins and Mr. Patterson... they would all work together. And we would have different things. Like
I said, choral singing, band… the band would have… we played a couple of tunes. So, it was a big
production.
MS:
Sure, you said that these teachers. Uh... You said they were traveling. They would go from school to
school?
UB:
They went school to school, yes.
MS:
So, a music teacher, say at Beavers might also go over to Avery.
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�UB:
Yes.
MS:
And teach there too. OK, that's… That's interesting, because we think now about how each school
has its own, you know, specials, teachers everywhere. So, that's really an interesting point. This
would have been back around 1960s, early 60s, probably.
UB:
Yeah, the early 60s. Now we did have special ed. Unfortunately, back then you were responsible for
getting your child to school. They didn't have buses. So, the parents were responsible for getting
them to school. They didn’t teach them like they're teaching them now. It was more so, like we had
the severe and mild… in the same room. There was no differentiation. Uh, they were all taught the
same things. And you know, in some cases, depending on the severity, um, they wouldn't let the
child come to school.
MS:
Sure.
UB:
And I don't think they had services going to the homes back then.
MS:
Right, right. So, special ed would have been one that was like at each school, kind of a permanent…
Yeah, so did you have any favorite subjects yourself?
UB:
Uh-huh yeah. Science.
MS:
Science, any particular science?
UB:
Ah well, back then it was just one. You had physical science. And that covered everything.
MS:
I see.
UB:
Oh and history. I was big history buff.
MS:
Yeah. Um… So… You know, I know when we're… when we're that young, friends mean a lot to us.
Did you have any particular… buddies, friends that you hung out with that you could remember and
speak to?
UB:
Well, let's see. I had Shirley Lemons. Her brothers and sisters went to... we all went to the same
school. Um, there was Marjorie Ellis. Her brothers and sisters went to the same school. [laughs]
UB:
The Hightowers…
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�MS:
…who it sounds like we'll be talking to at some point.
UB:
Yes, you will. Who else? Um, Brenda Reeves. Well, her name was Reeves, but her married name is
Dill now…and Charles. We were all classmates, so we all hung.
MS:
And was this like, you would go to school together, and you'd play together or after school or
whatever. So yeah, again, back to that whole community.
UB:
Exactly. Exactly. Sometimes we would. Some of us would be in the same classroom.
MS:
Right.
UB:
Or we'll be across the hall from each other, but when we had recess, everybody was outside, so… we
would all get together then. Then we also saw each other at church because we were all members of
the same church, or we were… members of either Shiloh, Lasters Chapel, Mount Zion, Friendship or
Mount Olive. So, one way or another we were going to see each other.
MS:
I'm glad you brought up Mount Zion. I was going to… we're going to talk about that in a few
minutes. But um... one of the things, and I want to acknowledge this right now... one of the things
that brought you and I into contact was the story over the JF Beavers Elementary School. I was
wondering when you were younger and going there, or even after you left there, did you have a
sense of who Jefferson Franklin Beavers was? Or was that just you know, a name on the school to
you?
UB:
No, they told us who Jefferson Beavers was. The portrait hung at old Beavers. It hung right as you
come into the door in the office. And that's something we learned day one. Black History Month.
That's who we talked about. People in our community, what their status was, and what they had
done. And he was one of them. And also Ms. Eva Thomas.
MS:
Sure.
UB:
So we knew why the school was named for him and what he had done for the community.
MS:
What, to you, had he done?
UB:
Well, he worked for the Postal Service, but he was also a member of Mount Zion AME Church, so he
did a lot of community work inside College Park and also outside College Park. He was also a... I
think he was a mason.
9
�MS:
Uh-huh.
UB:
Masons… my grandfather was a mason. My grandmother was an Eastern Star and a lot of them
were in College Park. A lot of your deacons and deaconesses, my grandparents, and their friends. A
lot of them belong to the Eastern Star, so um…
MS:
Sure.
UB:
He did a lot. Helped people with housing and food and different things.
MS:
Did you ever meet him?
UB:
No, unfortunately by the time I was of age, he had… he was deceased.
MS:
Right. So, speaking of that. Black education, and I'm speaking specifically now of Beavers, and it's a
question... You know that that would have a lot of context here, as an elementary school student...
obviously, schools in Fulton County were still segregated by race back then. Did you have a sense as
a child, or was your community so close that you were kind of insulated from the fact that you were
going to a school that was segregated? What did that mean to you as a child?
UB:
Well, first of all, we knew we were in the segregated system. I mean, anytime you go to school, and
you open up a book and it says S. R. Young Elementary or Kathleen Mitchell [Elementary].
MS:
Which were… which were schools for white children?
UB:
Right, we knew that we were second class. They wanted us... they treated us as second class. That
was number 1. Number 2, our parents raised us to the point where we were told you'll never be
second class. Just because somebody says that about you doesn’t mean that's you. You could prove
them wrong. You do what you have to do, remember your education, and whatever you dream,
make your dream possible. That was… they would always tell us that. And number 3: we grew up in
civil rights… during the civil rights time, so we knew about the protests and all of that. And the
people I grew up with, we were ready because we had seen how our parents were treated. I mean,
during the time I grew up, I knew what it was to go to the colored fountain and to the colored
bathrooms and ride in the back of the bus. I grew up during that time, uh… you had to wait even
though you're in line. If somebody wanted something and you were not white, then you just had to
wait your turn and that's whenever they felt like serving. So, we knew where we were. It's just the
way we had to adapt to it.
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�MS:
And for the record, this is College Park, is part of suburban Atlanta, so that's the kind of the context
we're talking about here.
UB:
Uh-huh
MS:
So, uhm… I want to transition now and kind of move into where you're going into high school at Eva
Thomas and I was thinking maybe the best way to do it is kind of divide it up into two kind of
conversations… and the first being the school itself, which was opened in 1964 according to our
records. Uh, so… I think in a previous conversation you mentioned you would have gone to… is it
Booker T. Washington High School had Eva Thomas not been there? Or I can't remember…
UB:
No, we would have gone to South Fulton in East Point.
MS:
South Fulton in East Point. Yes, OK.
UB:
South Fulton took kids from College Park, East Point and Fairburn... and part of Hapeville.
MS:
So, this would’ve been the school for Black students to go to high school in the South Fulton area…
UB:
Right.
MS:
…just south of downtown Atlanta. So, do you remember the kind of… the construction of the school?
I know we get into kind of an urban renewal project, which involves the building of this school,
among other things. Can you maybe talk a little bit about your memory of that or what you know
now about that?
UB:
Well, it was, it was. It was interesting because where the school sits now, like Dowdell2 said, there
were churches and houses back there. Some of the streets in College Park were not paved. Napoleon
was one of them and that's where the school sits on top of it. Um… we knew it was a building
coming up, but we didn't know exactly what kind of building, and it was not until later on they told
us they were building the school down there. So, everybody was excited because South Fulton had
become overcrowded… and um... they weren't going to let us go to College Park High. And they sure
weren’t going to let us go to Russell, so we had to have our own building.
MS:
So and you knew you would be going there eventually as it was being built. So what year, what year
did you start at Eva Thomas?
2
Charles Dowdell, graduate of South Fulton High School (Class of 1960) and volunteer athletic coach at Eva
Thomas High School.
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�UB:
Ooh… Eva Thomas with built in ‘64… ’66.
MS:
Did you eventually graduate from there?
UB:
I was a member of the last graduating class of Eva Thomas. We graduated in 1970.
MS:
1970.
UB:
Uh-huh
MS:
So um... we have records and just before I go on and move on to the next subject, we have records
about the project of the construction of the school, that there may have been some families that
were displaced. And certainly, it's a universal theme with urban renewal across the country that it
affected certain people more than it affected others. Did you know of anybody that the project
affected… whether positively or negatively?
UB:
Ah well, the whole that whole block… it had Ms. Burton and had Mr. Bussey. Uh, Shiloh Baptist
Church. Ah, you had at least ten families on Napoleon alone, because most of the streets used to go
straight through. Uh, I don't know if you noticed or not, but when you were at the school, there was
a street that had steps on it. That used to be Napoleon and it went straight through all the way
down to Virginia. What is now Virginia Ave, toward where Mount Cavalry is. It went all the way
down through there. So, I had to be about 30 families that were that were misplaced.
MS:
Yeah, where did they go? Do you know?
UB:
Um… some of them went to East Point. Some of them went, uh… maybe Fairburn.
MS:
Uh huh.
UB:
Uh, they went other places.
MS:
OK, so you start Eva Thomas. Do you remember your first day?
UB:
Oh yeah, it was exciting. It was a big building. And we had to get used to a lot of space. Now one
thing about Eva Thomas before they… you notice a lot of the newer buildings have green spaces. Ah,
we had a green space in our building. It was a large courtyard, and we had a huge… what kind of
tree was… cedar tree, huge cedar tree. And we would have lunch at that. And at that time, they
taught carpentry in schools. So, they built tables where we could go out and have lunch in the green
12
�space. On nice days, sometimes we would have birthday parties, or the teachers would set up
something for us, or other teachers, even parents. It was a large green space and we utilized it, Um…
we had a home ec. center, which will they don't know where that is now.
MS:
Right. [laughs]
UB:
[laughs] …with stoves and things to cook. We had sewing machines. Business classes had um…
typewriters. That's all they had, typewriters. Um, adding machines, dictating. We did Gregg
Shorthand, which they don't do anymore either. So, we had different rules for different things. We
had a chemistry room. We had a biology room. Um... we had a clinic. We had a teachers lounge. So,
we had everything that most of the schools have now. Only thing that's missing is drivers ed. And
everybody, they should have never taken that out of schools, never.
MS:
Right. Sounds like a beautiful school.
UB:
It was, it was... it was a beautiful building, and we had a lot of natural light. Like I said, you notice
the buildings now have a lot of floor-to-ceiling windows.
MS:
Uh-huh.
UB:
That's where we had our building, I think. On one of the stations, either WSB or Channel 5. They
showed you the building. And how we had windows in the walkway. So, we had we had a lot of
natural light.
MS:
What was that first day like?
UB:
Hectic… all turned around trying to find my classrooms. We were used to everybody being in the
same classroom. Well, we had to get used to being separated, but we were still in the same hall. I
might be in Ms. Harrison’s Room and Brenda might be in Mr. Dingle’s room and we’ll be three doors
down. So, the only time we really see each other is when we changed classes. And if we were lucky,
we might end up in the same class. Now everybody ended up in gym. That was fun too. We had to
change out… so.
MS:
What was your… did you, uh… involve yourself in stuff outside the classroom? Did you… [do]
extracurriculars?
UB:
Uh, let’s see, I was with FBLA. And that's about it… because I was busy doing church activities, so I
only took up one. And I was in… oh, I take that back, chorus. I was in chorus.
13
�MS:
Um… So, did Eva Thomas have a lot of extra curriculars, I mean sports? And obviously they had
chorus and a music program… obviously.
UB:
Yeah, we had the basketball team, the football team… girls and boys. … had a football team. We had
the chorus. We had the band. We had um… FBLA. We had the Honor Society, Science Club.
MS:
Science still your favorite subject going into high school?
UB:
Yep. Yep.
MS:
So, what did you want to do after high school?
UB:
Well, I took a lot of business courses and I wanted to focus on business administration. So, after I
left Eva Thomas, I went to Atlanta Area Tech and took computer courses. Now you know how
archaic computers were back then. We had to wire our own boards to make the thing do what we
wanted to do. But I did that and… worked for the United States Army recruiters for about four
years. And then I went into [laughs] politics… [laughs again]
MS:
So you're laughing. [laughing]
UB:
Of course, I started work in the school system back in ‘98 because my kids were in school, and I got
nosey because I wanted… I already knew how the schools operated. I really wanted to get nosey
and see how they operate now, because there was a lot of things that needed to be changed.
MS:
Sure. OK well. Let's go, let's go back to Eva Thomas… is there anything before we move into how the
school closed and the events that had occurred around that… is there anything that you would want
some students or researchers… anything you would add to your experience at Eva Thomas that
made it special enough that you're still commemorating that today? …besides the closing.
UB:
Well, that's a part of my history and a part of… our community’s history. Um… we always preach
about we want to learn from history, but we're too busy trying to bury it. History is not pretty.
MS:
Right.
UB:
And get over it. It is what it is. Because you're supposed to learn from your mistakes and that's what
I want the youth to realize. Now we're not going to be here always. So, we want to preserve what
we have. Everything is special for a reason. And we want you to remember that. And if you can
make it better, do so. If not, sit down, close your mouth, don't say nothing.
14
�MS:
So, just for our listeners and our viewers, Eva Thomas was… in 1969, um… the late summer of
1969… the Board announced that it would close the school. Uh, in the face of um… desegregating
the entire Fulton County School district. So how did you find out… when and how did you find out
that the school – your school – was going to be closed?
UB:
Well, like I said, my mother worked with the College Park neighborhood voters league. And they got
wind of some information. Uh, we didn't know anything about it. The students didn't know anything
about it until maybe three or four weeks after school closed. And that's when they decided. Well,
we'll tell them, and they can't do anything about it. It's almost like they wanted to wait till the last
minute so nothing could be done.
MS:
They, being the Board.3
UB:
Yeah, they, being the Board. Now what they didn't tell anybody was they had already decided what
students were going to what schools. You would think that they would let all of us come to College
Park High. No, they didn't do it that way. All the athletes went to College Park High. All your
advanced or scholastically high students went to College Park High. Everybody else was scattered
out. So, they had already divvied up, who they wanted, which made it even worse because you
know months ago that you were going to do this, but you didn't tell us about it.
MS:
Um… so, how many students, would you care to guess, were at Eva Thomas at the time it closed…
entire student population? And what percentage ended up going to College Park as opposed to the
rest?
UB:
OK, if I let's say… I would have to say close to 400 students.
MS:
Entirely. In total.
UB:
In total. At that time, you know schools were built to hold a whole lot of kids. It had to be at least
four, maybe 425, 450.
MS:
Sure.
UB:
But that was everybody that was in the community. I would say... 15%.
MS:
Went to College Park?
3
Fulton County Board of Education
15
�UB:
Went to College Park.
MS:
Yeah. And the rest would go to one particular school? Or many schools?
UB:
Oh, many schools because at that time you had College Park High, Woodland High. You had, um…
what’s the other high school? [pauses] I can't think of it now, but you had those two. Oh, Russell.
Excuse me, Russell High School. Those three, that's what everybody else was divided up amongst.
MS:
K. Sure… So, I kind of, in preparation for our conversation, kind of put together a little timeline that
involves August and September of 1969. This is the beginning of the school year, when this… after it
had been announced that it would be closed. I mean, what an eventful, you know, summer, right?
We have the moon landing just like a few weeks before school starts. Woodstock was going on in
New York. I mean, of all things, the Manson murders are going on in August too. I mean it's just…
UB:
It was a freaky time.
MS:
It was a freaky time, right? Did you have a sense of this kind of thing? The moon? This whole… that
that year was so eventful.
UB:
Well, we kept up with everything with the moon landings and everything. Woodstock? It was
alright, but most of the time we thought about the moon, but we were excited because we were
getting ready to graduate.
MS:
Yeah, yeah.
UB:
That was ’69-‘70. That was our school year. We had already made plans. We were working on
senior trips and stuff like that for graduation and then you throw this at us. We were not happy at
all.
MS:
Yeah. Well, so let's talk a little bit about that if we can. So, it's… it's August and a lot of this timeline
that I have is based off Atlanta Constitution articles that come from that time period. And you've…
you've made a donation that includes these articles to the archive. Uh, and so it looks like... there
was a demonstration that occurred about mid-August. The Atlanta Constitution reported that
demonstrators, possibly a few hundred, marched to the Fulton County Courthouse to present the
Board with the petition, uh, with many, many signatures demanding the reopening of the school.
Were you a part of that, or were you aware that that was happening at?
UB:
In the courthouse? Or did we go to the Fulton County Board of Education building?
16
�MS:
I think maybe you're that's correct. Yes, I may have mistyped it.
UB:
OK, that was on Cleveland Ave.
MS:
Yes, on Cleveland Ave in East Point.
UB:
No, I wasn't with that group. It was two groups. Um… most of the ones that went in that group… a
lot of parents were involved in it. The College Park neighborhood Voters League was involved in it,
and some of the churches were.
MS:
Were your parents part of that group?
UB:
My mom, my mother was yes.
MS:
Yeah. OK.
UB:
My mom, Mr. WJ Freeman, who the Health Center is named after… he… he was instrumental in that;
Mr. Johnny Robinson, uh, and of course, Mr. Morris Dillard.
MS:
So the NAACP was already...
UB:
Yes.
MS:
…on the scene.
UB:
Already on the scene.
MS:
And we are… and you and I are speaking just a just a few weeks, possibly after Mr. Dillard’s passing.
So, when I mentioned that this interview is taking place in that context as well.
UB:
Right. Right.
MS:
So… it looks like at the very beginning of the school year, they're getting… they're holding a
registration at College Park High… and I assume at the other high schools. Um… and it looks like
that some of the, some of the Eva Thomas students are having issues registering. Is that correct?
UB:
That's correct.
17
�MS:
And why would they have trouble?
UB:
Well, for one thing, they weren't part of the chosen group. See, if you weren't chosen to go, you
couldn’t register.
MS:
So we're assuming that there was a list of students names, yeah?
UB:
Oh, it was a list. Oh yeah, because they had already... they had already promised them… I said
promised them who they were going to send to the school because College Park High then didn’t
have a good… athletic department. They sucked.
MS:
OK. [laughs]
UB:
Because we use to beat them all the time.
MS:
Sure, oh so… so, you all did play against white…
UB:
Oh yeah, we played them. They didn't have a good… they didn't have a good athletic thing. Not
when it came to us. Now I don't know what they did with other schools, but not when it came to us.
MS:
So, take us through what happened next, after this registration... or this failed registration attempt.
So, what happened next?
UB:
Well, they decided that we would do a sit-in.
MS:
At Eva Thomas.
UB:
At Eva Thomas. What they didn't realize was, it was going to be more than just a sit-in. It was going
to be a live-in.
MS:
And that was the plan from the very beginning?
UB:
That was the plan. That was the plan.
MS:
With the ultimatum that they keep the school open.
UB:
That's it. That's it.
18
�MS:
Were you there?
UB:
Oh yeah. I spent many a night there… and days.
MS:
Can you talk about that?
UB:
Well, it was, um… that's why Ms. Geraldine Lewis came in. Ms. Andrew Farnell, Ms. Irene Spear.
The Neighborhood Voters League, and all the churches. They made sure that we got meals because
we couldn't use anything in the kitchens. Kitchens were locked down so food had to be brought in.
Um, we didn't have to worry about nobody coming in bum rushing us because all the men in the
community… see Eva Thomas then didn’t [inaudible] now. So, they could see anything that went on
down there… and believe me, they were always down there. Um… we slept on the floor. We slept on
tables. We slept on lawn chairs. We had blanket; so, we were taken care of. See, it was the
summertime, so it wasn’t that bad. Oh, and we didn’t have air back then either, so we opened the
windows and got a nice breeze. But it was fun. We had a good time.
MS:
So you're actually yeah… How much of this? How much were you inspired by what you were
seeing? I don't know if you watch too much TV back then… with all the protests and everything that
had been going on in the previous years, did that kind of help inspire your efforts? Or do you feel
like this was kind of an independent thing?
UB:
Well no, it helped because we all looked at the protests. We all looked at the sit-ins. Um… so that
was part of our culture back then. Um, every time we turn around, somebody was protesting
something, so we knew how to do it. Now what we had to learn is we didn't want to have a snitch.
And that was the hardest thing because, you know, just some folks. You just wanted to snatch and
just beat the snot out of him. But you couldn't do that. It's just like it is now. They would be harder
on me than they would be on the other person. So, we had to learn to just keep our cool. And that's
where Jessica and Morris came in. They were very soft spoken, um… and he just told us, he said,
“You can't do that. They have to learn… you have to learn not to let people push your buttons,
because that's what they want. Because they had already said we were beasts… and we didn't know
how to act. And all of this stuff. He said, “You want to make liars out of them and that's basically
what we did. When we went to the… when we took over his office… Dr. West’s office.4 We had news
cameras there from Channel 5 and Channel 2. Can't remember the reporters name at Channel 5, but
they followed us in the office. We sat down in the office on the floor. We ate our lunch, we cleaned
up. When West walked in the office, he pretended like we had feces all over his office and we left it a
whole mess, and all of this. And when reporters asked him about it, he lied and said he didn't say
that. So, it was like they wanted us to act out and we wouldn't do it. Even the day when they came
down to the school with, uh… what's his name?
4
Paul D. West, Superintendent of Fulton County Schools, 1947-1971
19
�MS:
Leroy Stynchcombe?5
UB:
Yeah… Stynchcombe… he came in and he was giving us, “Well, we know y'all some good kids and
I've never had problems with you. Know you the first bunch…” and we said, “Uh huh.” And you see,
they had already told us he was going to come in to say this to us, right? So, he said, “Now you all
are going to help us get you out of here, right?” Then we went, “No.” He said, “What do you mean?”
And he we all just stood up because we were in the gym, and we were sitting in the bleachers.
We all stood up now. He had deputies there with him. We all stood up and we walked to the gym
floor, and we all lied down. And Morris was the first one they took out. And he had already told us,
he said, “They want you to fight. Don't fight them. Just let them take you out.” So, they took him out
first. They didn't drag us; you know they kind of… picked us up by the arm and we walked. We
didn’t tussle with them, or anything like that. But little did they know we had already... we knew
about their plan. That's why we had a Plan B. And that's why we marched around the building and
went right back in… in the back.
MS:
[laughs] So, they… basically it's not like they were arresting, they were removing.
UB:
Yeah, they had, um… West had given the order that he wanted us out of the building. From what I
understand, he had called the Mayor of College Park. I don't remember who he was at that time.
MS:
Nolan.
UB:
Yes, Mayor Nolan, pilot for Eastern Airlines. Um, Nolan told him, “No.” That was his ballpark. That's
his ball game. He needed take… they wouldn't do anything. So, that’s what they did.
MS:
I think the Constitution reported… and you can correct me if I'm wrong that... yeah… one point of
clarification: Dr West was the Superintendent of Fulton County Schools from 1947 to 1971. Uh, and
Morris Dillard, of course, with the NAACP. Um… you had mentioned a Jessica a little bit ago that
Jessica and Morris had kind of kept the situation. Who was Jessica?
UB:
Jessica Allen. Her name is Mohammad. Now she was the spokesperson for all the students.
MS:
So she was a student herself.
UB:
Yes, Jessica was a student… her brothers and her sisters. Remember that this is a family thing. So,
we had brothers and sisters in this thing too.
5
Chief Deputy of Fulton County Sheriff’s office, Leroy Stynchcombe
20
�MS:
Uh-huh
UB:
So, Jessica was chosen to be the spokesperson and she worked with Morris, Mr. Freeman, my
mother, Johnny Robinson and Donna Edwards. They all worked together.
MS:
So, there was an organized leadership.
UB:
Yes.
MS:
Throughout.
UB:
Yes.
MS:
…beginning to end. Yeah, so I have seen in the records and through the newspapers that the mayor
of College Park... Do you believe his intentions were to just let it play out and that eventually… I
mean, do you… what do you think his motivations were for not interrupting or jumping in?
UB:
Well, [laughs] they wanted to keep their hands clean of the situation. They were already in it.
Because they… they were contacting them, Fletcher Thompson and West. They had their meetings,
but he wanted to be like, “No, this is your all’s mess. Leave us out of it. But I mean, it was too late.
We already knew. Because even though it's Fulton County… I learned later that even though it's
Fulton County, the city of College Park does have some leeway, because they could have said OK.
Fulton County property. The sheriff's deputies are on Fulton County property, but once you step off
of Fulton County property, you're in the city of College Park and there’s things that we're not going
to allow.
MS:
I see. OK… and I should say, Fletcher Thompson was a Congressman, US Congressman from the 5th
District,6 which was also part… of which College Park was… part of that district. So, OK… so how
long were you in the school.? …and I should, I should ask you… we've gone an hour here or so. Do
you still have a little more time for us?
UB:
Uh huh, I have a little more time.
MS:
OK… um, so you [are] in the sit-in. How long was this… you've been removed... you've marched
around the school and reentered the school. How long did the sit-in… live-in, as you call it… how
long did that take place?
6
U.S. House of Representatives. In 1969, the 5th district in Georgia included Fulton, Dekalb and Rockdale Counties.
21
�UB:
So all this... maybe till the end of September? October? Because I think we went back in. I think they
opened the building in October. I think we went back in October.
MS:
OK.
UB:
Yeah, because they had to go to court. And um… yeah, I, I think it was October because when we got
the word, it was the end of September, right? Middle of the way September. So, I think it was
October when we marched back in here. But it was in the same year. It was about... about, I would
say, two months.
MS:
Wow. Are you familiar with the… if I were to say, Hightower V. West court case, does that ring a
bell?
UB:
Hmm… it's been a long time.
MS:
The name, Effie Hightower?
UB:
Uh huh, that was one of the students.
MS:
OK. We have… I know that there was a…
UB:
I think, her mom.
MS:
Uh-huh
UB:
And her dad sued… Fulton County, because I think she was one of the ones that went to College
Park High, and they denied her.
MS:
I see. Yeah so, from what we know about the case... it ended up being kind of a case that
encompassed all of Fulton County, which originated at Eva Thomas. And it was obviously the
Hightowers versus Paul D West: Hightower v. West and the ruling went to the US 5th Circuit Court
of Appeals.
UB:
Uh-huh
MS:
Uh, which is, if you know… if we know our civil rights history. There was a lot of that… that certain
5th Circuit was all of the Deep South, so there were a lot of cases throughout that era... modern Civil
22
�Rights Era… that went to that, and so that case did too... which is I've always kind of thought,
thought an interesting point to make.
UB:
Right?
MS:
So, what happened… So, what happened then? So, OK… they decided to keep the school open?
What… what happened after all of this?
UB:
Well, they decided to keep it open for a year as a high school. But they eventually shut it down and
turned it into a middle school. I think it stayed a middle school for about… maybe four years…
before they closed it down again and... moved JF Beavers. The kids that were in the old building,
which was the brick building, because they had already closed down the smaller building. They
moved them from [inaudible] over to where they are now…and turned it into an elementary school.
And that's how it was Beavers-Thomas Elementary School and then they changed the name to
College Park Elementary School.
MS:
Yes, so now currently, it is now College Park Elementary School, which kind of brings us full circle.
To you, you had just held a commemorative event back in May at College Park Elementary School,
site of the old Eva Thomas. And it was called, “Remembering Our Past,” and there were, you know,
several declarations, proclamations. And anyway, this spoke to me personally, as kind of this
community event… that this community has stayed so close all these years later… all these years
later.
UB:
Uh-huh.
MS:
And you seem to have kind of been this spearhead of that effort, although I'm sure it's involved a lot
of people. Uh, so I just want to recognize that and kind of ask you if we wrap up this story, what do
you… what do you kind of take away from your high school experience and that… the
demonstration being a large part of it? And how did it kind of uh… affect how you acted… or what
you did afterwards?
UB:
Well, I still have a sense of community. And we still get together. Ah me, my classmates and their
families. We are still in touch with each other. And we talk about the old times. We also talk about
the new times. But one thing we always remember is you never forget your past. You never forget
from where you come from, because that's what made us into the people we are today. I still dip a
little bit in politics. I have no problem with raising hell to nobody. I don't care who it is, but I know
what's right. I know what… what should be right. And we have got to stand up and do what we need
to do. A lot of times, things get brushed under the rug because people don't want to face them. Well,
after you brush it under the rug, that lump gets kid kind of big to the point where you’re just going
to have to snatch it off and get rid of the lump. It’s going to be ugly, but you're going to have to face
it. And that's where I am now. I mean, it’s ugly. You may not want to look at it, but the truth is the
23
�truth. We just have to make it better. It’s gotten a little better, but we still do little sneaky things
under the table that people don't know about… that we think people don't know about.
MS:
What do you mean?
UB:
Well, let's see. We have programs in [inaudible] and that we don't have on the south side…and
that… equality. Um… you give a north side school a program or athletic building or something
before you do it on the south side. Case and point, the school that I used to work, S.L. Lewis, they
promised them a brand-new building. Well, that was over 10 years ago. You have a building sitting
smack dab in the middle of a community, knowing full well that the buildings that you're building
now will wipe out every house on that street. You know that. You also know that's a commercial
zone now, so the neighborhood… the kids are leaving the neighborhood. Why would you want to
build a school there? You should have built the school there years ago, when you promised it, when
you had kids to go there. Right now, Fulton County is suffering because they've lost enrollment...
because kids have grown, they've moved out. And these huge buildings that they built… on the
enrollment. That's the only reason why you want to go from kindergarten to 8th grade because you
know you don't have… you've lost the student population and you've got to do something with
these humongous buildings you got… or waste money. That's what I mean when you try to do stuff
up under the table and it comes back to bite you.
MS:
I see. Well. Is there… is there any… final thoughts you may have, or anything that we've not
addressed? I feel like we've talked quite a bit and got a clearer picture of the Eva Thomas story.
UB:
I just want people to be aware of the Teaching Museum South.
MS:
It's this… for the record, the Fulton County School Archives is located at the Teaching Museum. It's
kind of one in the same department and what brought us together for this project.
UB:
Um… I want people to… this is a part of history. History should be recorded. And I want everybody
that is within the sound of my voice, if you have any… any artifact of Sophie M. Avery, J.F. Beavers,
Eva L. Thomas... whether it be a T shirt, a picture of Miss Benton, the principal… even… if you have
anything please take it to the museum because this is our history. We want an exhibit there and we
want people to actually see that we existed. I mean, we don't have any trophies. We don't have any
of that stuff. And we just, uh… a mark in the dust, but we did exist. So, help bring our history to the
forefront.
MS:
Thank you for saying that…
24
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Oral Histories
Description
An account of the resource
Oral Histories collected from alumni, students, teachers and staff of the Fulton County School System, 1980s-present.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Fulton County Schools Archives, Hapeville, Ga
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Interviewer
The person(s) performing the interview
Mike Santrock
Interviewee
The person(s) being interviewed
Ursel Brown
Duration
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1:08:35
Dublin Core
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Oral History (Transcript), Ursel Brown, November 10, 2021
Subject
The topic of the resource
Georgia--Fulton County
College Park
Eva Thomas High School
College Park High School
desegregation
integration
Description
An account of the resource
Ursel (Miller) Brown is a native of College Park, having attended both J.F. Beavers Elementary School and Eva Thomas High School, graduating from the latter in 1970 – part of the last graduating class at that school. After graduation, Brown worked with the US Army Recruiters locally and served as a College Park City Council member.
A video recording of this oral history will be made available soon.
Creator
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Fulton County Schools Archives, Hapeville, Georgia
Mike Santrock
Ursel Brown
Publisher
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Fulton County Schools Archives, Hapeville, Georgia
Date
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2021
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<a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In copyright</a><br />Direct questions regarding use to archives@fultonschools.org
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Document-transcript, 24 pages
Video recording (currently unavailable), 1:08:35
Identifier
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2021.ohfc.6
College Park
College Park High School
desegregation
Eva Thomas High School
integration
JF Beavers Elementary School
Lottie Miller
Morris Dillard
segregation
Sophie M Avery Elementary School
WJ Freeman
-
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Dublin Core
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Audio-Visual / Photographs
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Fulton County Schools Archives, Hapeville, Ga
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Digitized photograph prints
Description
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This collection contains portions of the Fulton County Schools Archives Photograph Inventory. Reformatting is performed upon patron request or to support curriculum standards.
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Fulton County Schools Archives
Date
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1924-2000
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Open to research. Use and reproduction is pending review by Fulton County Schools Archives, unless specified as unrestricted at individual item level.
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FCS Archives, Audio/Visual Photograph Collection. Photograph formats specified at item level.
Still Image
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Silver gelatin photographic print
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
8"x10"
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Integration Sit-in #11, 1970
Subject
The topic of the resource
Georgia--Fulton County
Student protesters
School integration
Description
An account of the resource
Integration sit-in conducted by Fulton County School students at the Fulton County Schools Administration Building on Cleveland Avenue in East Point, Georgia.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Unknown
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Fulton County Schools Archive, Hapeville, Ga
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1970
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No copyright</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Silver gelatin photographic print, 8"x10"
FCS Archive, Audio/Visual photograph, Shelf H-2-2, Box 1 sleeve 10
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
1970.avpt.1.10.11
desegregation
integration
photograph
sit-in
students
-
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295d394e9a3456a862c889f4fed562d9
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Audio-Visual / Photographs
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Fulton County Schools Archives, Hapeville, Ga
Subject
The topic of the resource
Digitized photograph prints
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains portions of the Fulton County Schools Archives Photograph Inventory. Reformatting is performed upon patron request or to support curriculum standards.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Fulton County Schools Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1924-2000
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Open to research. Use and reproduction is pending review by Fulton County Schools Archives, unless specified as unrestricted at individual item level.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
FCS Archives, Audio/Visual Photograph Collection. Photograph formats specified at item level.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Silver gelatin photographic print
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
8"x10"
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Integration Sit-in #10, 1970
Subject
The topic of the resource
Georgia--Fulton County
Student protesters
School integration
Description
An account of the resource
Integration sit-in conducted by Fulton County School students at the Fulton County Schools Administration Building on Cleveland Avenue in East Point, Georgia.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Unknown
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Fulton County Schools Archives, Hapeville, Ga
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1970
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No copyright</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Silver gelatin photographic print, 8"x10"
FCS Archives, Audio/Visual photograph, Shelf H-2-2, Box 1 sleeve 10
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
1970.avpt.1.10.10
desegregation
integration
photograph
sit-in
students
-
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02e4afcf856985f1d0ec93adc8fd6238
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Audio-Visual / Photographs
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Fulton County Schools Archives, Hapeville, Ga
Subject
The topic of the resource
Digitized photograph prints
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains portions of the Fulton County Schools Archives Photograph Inventory. Reformatting is performed upon patron request or to support curriculum standards.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Fulton County Schools Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1924-2000
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Open to research. Use and reproduction is pending review by Fulton County Schools Archives, unless specified as unrestricted at individual item level.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
FCS Archives, Audio/Visual Photograph Collection. Photograph formats specified at item level.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Silver gelatin photographic print
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
8"x10"
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Integration Sit-in #9, 1970
Subject
The topic of the resource
Georgia--Fulton County
Student protesters
School integration
Description
An account of the resource
Integration sit-in conducted by Fulton County School students at the Fulton County Schools Administration Building on Cleveland Avenue in East Point, Georgia.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Unknown
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Fulton County Schools Archives, Hapeville, Ga
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1970
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Silver gelatin photographic print, 8"x10"
FCS Archives, Audio/Visual photograph, Shelf H-2-2, Box 1 sleeve 10
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
1970.avpt.1.10.9
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No copyright</a>
desegregation
integration
photograph
sit-in
students
-
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8726dd6052704c6bfb825ad67e7e6cdf
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Fulton County Schools
Subject
The topic of the resource
Schools across Fulton County, 1871-present
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Fulton County Schools Archives, Hapeville, Ga
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains materials, records, images and other emphemera related to schools of Fulton County. The materials are from current schools as well as those that have been closed or consolidated.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Photographic print
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
8"x10"
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph, Fairburn High School, Class of 1965
Subject
The topic of the resource
Georgia--Fulton County
Photograph collections
Students
Fairburn High School
Description
An account of the resource
This composite photograph is of the class of 1965 of (now closed) Fairburn High School.
Fairburn High School came under supervision of the Fulton County Board of Education as part of its merger wit Campbell County in 1932. Built on land originally deeded to the latter county in 1925, the school originated as an elementary school for black students during the segregated era. The original structure was completed using the Rosenwald program to fund a portion of the costs. It is unclear when high school grades were added. In 1970-71, Fairburn's high school grades were integrated with then all-white Campbell High School nearby.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Fairburn High School
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Fulton County Schools Archives, Hapeville, Ga
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1965
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-NC/1.0/?language=en">No copyright - non commercial use only</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
FCS Archives, FCSS Fairburn High School collection, Shelf F-1-1, Box 1 folder 12
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
1965.ffbh.1.12
Fairburn Elementary School
Fairburn High School
integration
photograph
segregation
students
-
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e253cd0d418edf0bfa874b16a1b95f3f
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Fulton County Schools
Subject
The topic of the resource
Schools across Fulton County, 1871-present
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Fulton County Schools Archives, Hapeville, Ga
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains materials, records, images and other emphemera related to schools of Fulton County. The materials are from current schools as well as those that have been closed or consolidated.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Photographic print, composite
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
8"x10"
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph, Fairburn High School, Class of 1969
Subject
The topic of the resource
Georgia--Fulton County
Photograph collections
Students
Fairburn High School
Description
An account of the resource
This composite photograph is of the class of 1969 of (now closed) Fairburn High School.
Fairburn High School came under supervision of the Fulton County Board of Education as part of its merger with Campbell County in 1932. Built on land originally deeded to the latter county in 1925, the school originated as an elementary school for black students during the segregated era. The original structure was completed using the Rosenwald program to fund a portion of the costs. It is unclear when high school grades were added. In the 1970-71, Fairburn’s high school grades were integrated with then all-white Campbell High School nearby.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Fairburn High School
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Fulton County Schools Archives, Hapeville, Ga
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1969
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-NC/1.0/?language=en">No copyright - non commercial use only</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Photograph print, 8"x10"
FCS Archives, FCSS Schools collection, Fairburn High School, Shelf F-1-1, Box 1, folder 9
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
1969.ffbh.1.9
Fairburn Elementary School
Fairburn High School
integration
photograph
segregation
students
-
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1d11597927707e3be5517262f51d4720
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Fulton County Schools
Subject
The topic of the resource
Schools across Fulton County, 1871-present
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Fulton County Schools Archives, Hapeville, Ga
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains materials, records, images and other emphemera related to schools of Fulton County. The materials are from current schools as well as those that have been closed or consolidated.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Photographic print, composite
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
8"x10"
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph, Fairburn High School, Class of 1966
Subject
The topic of the resource
Georgia--Fulton County
Photograph collections
Students
Fairburn High School
Description
An account of the resource
This composite photograph is of the class of 1966 of (now closed) Fairburn High School.
Fairburn High School came under supervision of the Fulton County Board of Education as part of its merger with Campbell County in 1932. Built on land originally deeded to the latter county in 1925, the school originated as an elementary school for black students during the segregated era. The original structure was completed using the Rosenwald program to fund a portion of the costs. It is unclear when high school grades were added. In the 1970-71, Fairburn’s high school grades were integrated with then all-white Campbell High School nearby.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Fairburn High School
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Fulton County Schools Archives, Hapeville, Ga
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1966
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-NC/1.0/?language=en">No copyright - non commercial use only</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Photograph print, 8"x10"
FCS Archives, FCSS Schools collection, Fairburn High School, Shelf F-1-1, Box 1, folder 8
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
1966.ffbh.1.8
Fairburn Elementary School
Fairburn High School
integration
photograph
segregation
students
-
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Audio-Visual / Photographs
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Fulton County Schools Archives, Hapeville, Ga
Subject
The topic of the resource
Digitized photograph prints
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains portions of the Fulton County Schools Archives Photograph Inventory. Reformatting is performed upon patron request or to support curriculum standards.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Fulton County Schools Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1924-2000
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Open to research. Use and reproduction is pending review by Fulton County Schools Archives, unless specified as unrestricted at individual item level.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
FCS Archives, Audio/Visual Photograph Collection. Photograph formats specified at item level.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Black and white, silver gelatin photograph
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
8"x10"
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Integration Sit-in #8, 1970
Subject
The topic of the resource
Georgia--Fulton County
Student protesters
School integration
Description
An account of the resource
This image originated in 1970 at was then the Fulton County Schools administration building on Cleveland Avenue in East Point, Georgia. This student sit-in marked a time when the school system was grappling with desegregation in the wake of contested efforts to racially integrate both students and staff. Similar sit-ins and protests took place at schools and county offices before and after this photograph was taken. Behind the efforts to desegregate were directives from the federal government's Department of Health, Education and Welfare and and the board's own plan of gradual desegregation. Within a year of this photograph, the county schools were integrated.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Unknown
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Fulton County Schools Archives, Hapeville, Ga
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1970
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No restrictions</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Gelatin silver print, 8"x10"
FCS Archives Photograph Collection, Shelf H-2-2, Box 1, Folder 10
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
1970.avpt.1.10.8
desegregation
integration
photograph
sit-in
students
-
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PDF Text
Text
The 1970 Russell-South Fulton High School Consolidation: An Overview
by
Dr. William E. Fry, Russell High ’71
Russell High School became fully integrated in the fall of 1970. This event was
part of an overarching plan to desegregate all of the Fulton County Schools to comply
with a court-ordered mandate to sufficiently integrate black and white students
throughout the district. While compliance with the court order was accomplished
primarily with changes in Fulton County’s school zones, the method of integration at
Russell High involved “pairing” with all-black South Fulton High School. This plan
resulted in the merging of South Fulton’s upper grades with those of Russell, while the 8th
grade from Russell combined with the 8th graders from South Fulton at that location.
Status of Integration
Integration came later to Fulton County than other parts of the country, for the
issue was decided in the landmark case of Brown v. Board of Education as far back as
1954. Opposition to school integration occurred not only in Fulton County, but also in
practically every county and jurisdiction in Georgia and the entire South as well. The first
concerted effort at integration resulted in violence in Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957.
Shortly afterwards, massive protests and uprising occurred throughout many areas in the
South.
As a response to Brown v. Board of Education, the Georgia State legislature
passed a state law in the mid-1950s requiring the complete closure of local school
systems facing mandatory desegregation. Gubernatorial candidate Ernest Vandiver, who
�2
was elected Georgia’s governor in November 1958, adopted a campaign slogan of “no,
not one” (black student would integrate a Georgia school under a Vandiver
administration). In the late 1960s, Gov. Lester Maddox advocated resistance to
integration.
The Atlanta Public Schools (APS) were the first to integrate in the Atlanta area
when 9 African-American students were peacefully admitted to four all-white high
schools on August 30, 1961. The APS sought to achieve integration through the adoption
of “Freedom of Choice,” leaving choice of schools to the parents and students. By April
1965, the District Court of Atlanta deemed such a plan had not sufficiently integrated the
school system and that more aggressive methods were needed. Over the next few years
the APS experimented with a number of remedies, including school re-zoning, teacher
reassignments, limited busing, and the 1972-73 majority-to-minority program, to name a
few.
Fulton County Board of Education
Fulton County’s first official attempt at desegregation was outlined in a February
22, 1965 School Board plan based on a graduated concept whereby certain grades would
1
be integrated with full integration achieved over time. The proposal was as follows:
School Year
Grades
1965-66
1966-67
1967-68
1968-69
1969-70
1970-71
1, 12
1, 2, 11, 12
1, 2, 3, 10, 11, 12
1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
all grades
C. N. Martin, ed., “County School Desegregation Plan Announced; Effective in ’65,”
Atlanta’s Suburban Reporter, 24 March 1965, 1.
1
�3
The School Board plan was amended on May 13, 1965 as follows:
School Year
Grades
1965-66
1966-67
1967-68
2
1, 2, 8, 12
1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 11 ,12
all grades
This proposal, which was initially approved by Francis Keppel, the U.S.
Commissioner of Education, contained a “Freedom of Choice” provision that allowed
students to remain at their old school, with transportation provided, if they so desired. In
the spring of 1966, the Commissioner of Education rejected the plan, stating it
insufficient due to the relatively low numbers of affected students. Commissioner Keppel
remanded the plan back to the Fulton County School Board for different and faster
action. The Board stood fast to the “Freedom of Choice” plan and objected to the edict,
resisting any effort to change the pace or method from the previously approved plan.
3
The impact of “Choice” did little to change the racial makeup at Russell High.
Louise McDaniel, Russell librarian from 1948-1979, wrote a manuscript in 1967 entitled
History of Russell High School. In it, she wrote about the first attempt at integration at
Russell in the fall of 1966 and mentioned that African-American students were offered
the choice of attending Russell on a limited basis. That year, two African-American
teachers were on the faculty, and only 9 African-American students, mostly in the
lowered grades, opted to attend Russell. During the 1969-70 school year, the year prior to
_______., Fulton County Board of Education Plan for School Desegregation, Atlanta’s
Suburban Reporter, 2 June 1965, 1/8.
3
C. N. Martin, ed., “Fulton County Board of Education Questions Integration Speed-up,”
Atlanta’s Suburban Reporter, 23 March 1966, 3A.
2
�4
consolidation, the African-American presence at Russell was still low and included a
total of only four teachers and thirteen students.
During this late 1960s time period, however, the U.S. Office of Education
concentrated specifically on the situation concerning all-African-American Eva Thomas
High in College Park and predominantly white College Park High School. By the spring
of 1969, that office mandated one of three acceptable plans: 1) “Pair” both schools with
certain grade levels at each school; 2) Close Eva Thomas High outright and combine all
students at College Park High; or 3) Drastically alter attendance zones. The Fulton
County School Board and Superintendent Paul West, along with local U.S. Congressman
Fletcher Thompson, strongly opposed all three alternatives and continued to opt for the
4
“Freedom of Choice” then currently in operation. Faced with legal sanctions from the
federal government, the Fulton County Board of Education finally relented and decided
on option #2, the closing of 6-year-old Eva Thomas, the newest high school in all of
Fulton County, and assigned the Eva Thomas students to College Park High, Lakeshore
5
High, and Hapeville High. Major protests from the Eva Thomas community eventually
led to a one-year postponement of the closure of Eva Thomas; however, by April 1970
U.S. District Judge Albert J. Henderson issued a ruling that involved a comprehensive
integration of all Fulton County schools for the fall of 1970. While “pairing” was not
favored by the School Board the previous year, several such “pairing” plans were
ultimately undertaken, including the one for South Fulton and Russell. The 1970-71
C. N. Martin, ed., “Fulton County Must Make-up for Past Discrimination,” Atlanta’s
Suburban Reporter, 25 June 1969, 7.
5
C. N. Martin, ed., “Fulton School Board Adopts Plan to Close Eva Thomas High,”
Atlanta’s Suburban Reporter, 30 July 1969, 1.
4
�5
school year began with African-American and white students at the Russell facility, while
the combined 8th graders attended school at the South Fulton building.
African-American Education in East Point
For African-American students in East Point, the consolidation of South Fulton
and Russell was the end of an extended journey for educational equality that began
shortly after the Civil War. Both prior to and during the early parts of the 1900s, the only
avenue for any kind of formal education occurred in churches, such as the Union Baptist
Church. By 1916, a school was built on Randall Street and eventually about 225 students
attended the school. The facility was destroyed by fire in 1926 and a new school was
built on Bayard Street in 1928. This building also burned in 1940. The school was rebuilt
at 605 South Bayard Street and renamed the East Point Colored School.
This facility only served the needs of African-American students in grades 1-8.
Since Fulton County did not have any African-American high schools at this time,
African-American students wishing to pursue additional education beyond 8th grade
attended Booker T. Washington High School in the APSdistrict. Fulton County paid the
cross-boundary tuition; however, the students were required to provide their own
transportation, a difficult feat considering the distance involved and the necessary
walking and trolley transfers to and from Booker T. Washington. A high school
experience for East Point African-American students did not occur until 1947, when the
East Point Colored School added a ninth grade and one grade level each year thereafter
until a full senior high was in place by 1950.
�6
Russell/South Fulton Consolidation Aftermath
The 2000 movie, “Remember the Titans” starring Denzel Washington was
reminiscent of the Russell-South Fulton consolidation. The movie storyline follows the
1971 pairing of an all-African-American school with an all-white school in Virginia,
showing the resulting problems the football team and the community encountered. This
Hollywood version of events included a number of violent incidents during the initial
days of the school’s integration, but the actions and success of the football team
eventually brought both the white and African-American communities together.
The Russell-South Fulton consolidation occurred during this author’s senior year.
Integration appeared to go smoothly and all seemed well from this author’s white point of
view; however, such may not have been the case from the African-American students’
perspective. Former South Fulton students left a school that was historically, socially,
and culturally an important source of African-American identity. Also, when arriving at
Russell, the former South Fulton African-American students did not see their former
school officials in positions of authority, but rather saw white holdovers in important
positions such as principal, head counselor, head football coach, male and female
basketball coaches, and band director. The total Russell faculty only included six
African-American teachers. In addition, large and highly visible student positions, such
as Varsity and B-team cheerleaders, the Russellettes dance team, class officers, and the
Majorette Corps, were all white.
Recent attempts to obtain newspaper accounts and reviews concerning the first
year of the Russell-South Fulton merger were unsuccessful. Newspapers such as the
�7
Atlanta Constitution, Atlanta Journal, Atlanta’s Suburban Reporter, and the Southside
Sun apparently had nothing sensational to cover on the subject. The author’s informal
conversations with fellow classmates turned up no instances of major problems related to
the consolidation. A recent brief discussion with Bob Murray, a then-young coach and
English teacher at Russell in 1970, revealed no problems that he could remember from a
faculty member’s perspective. The author recalls an incident when African-American
students staged a walk out of a pep rally when Dixie was played; but, other than this
action, no other major problems were observed nor reported.
A school accreditation committee visited Russell High during the second year of
integration. In an official memo written by Evaluation Chairman M. O. Phelps, the
opening sentence of his first paragraph stated: “Student and faculty morale appeared to be
unusually high for a school which had been integrated to the extent that Russell High
6
School has in the recent past.” A memorandum dated March 16, 1972 from Evaluation
Committee member Wiley S. Bolden stated in part: “The degree of (outstanding)
progress seems especially noteworthy when consideration is given to the fact that much
of the attention and effort of the faculty have necessarily been diverted to making
changes and adjustments occasioned by the desegregation of the Fulton County school
system.”
7
G. L. Carroll of Southern Technical Institute in Marietta, Georgia, led a
sub-committee of the evaluation group, the Steering Committee of Philosophy of
M. O. Phelps, Observations Concerning the Interim Evaluation for Russell High School,
14 March 1972.
7
Wiley S. Bolden, Interim Evaluation Russell High School, memo to Dr. M. O. Phelps,
16 March 1972.
6
�8
Objectives and School/Community. His memorandum time stamped March 17, 1972
included ten Russell High accomplishments, the first of which read: “Black and white
8
students have integrated without major difficulty.”
Further research and additional interviews may reveal different conclusions;
however, the Russell-South Fulton consolidation was arguably successful for all
involved.
G. L. Carroll, Meeting of Group I, report of the Steering Committee, Philosophy of
Objectives and School & Community, 14 March 1972.
8
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Articles, Essays and Histories
Subject
The topic of the resource
Publications and material produced by staff, current/former staff and students as well as outside researchers
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains publications and material,with Fulton County Schools. Contributors are either current or former county staff, students, or parents. This collection also contains articles and essays produced by outside researchers and scholars.
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
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Article
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
PDF
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Article, "The 1970 Russell-South Fulton High School Consolidation: An Overview"
Subject
The topic of the resource
Georgia--Fulton County
Article
School integration
Russell High School
South Fulton High School
Description
An account of the resource
This article chronicles the integration of Russell High School, which during the segregated era, was an all-white school, with South Fulton High School, which was an all-African American school. This integration took place in 1970.
Creator
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Dr. William E. Fry
Publisher
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Fulton Schools Archives, Hapeville, Ga
Contributor
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Fry, a 1971 graduate of Russell High School, is researching and documenting the histories of three South Fulton County Bands: Russell High School, Hapeville High School, and headland High School. In 2011, Fry retired after 36 years of service to music education and is writing these histories as his first retirement project.
After his graduation from Russell, where he was a band student of Dr. William Prescott, Fry graduated from Columbus State University (GA) in 1975 and received the Masters of Music Education from Georgia State University in 1981. He obtained the Doctor of Musical Arts in Instrumental Conduction from the University of North Carolina/Greensboro in 1991.
Prior to his 2011 retirement from a music position with the Muscogee County School District (Columbus, GA), Fry held band director positions at Columbus State University and Susquehanna University (PA). From 1975 to 1987, Fry was coordinator of all instrumental music activities at Redan High School, Stone Mountain, Georgia, and held an assistant conductor position with the Yaarab (Atlanta) Shrine Band.
Fry has appeared as a feature conductor at the Georgia Music Educators State Convention, Florida State University “Tri-State” Conductors Symposium, CBDNA/NBA Southeastern Regional, and the Carolina Conductors Symposium. He has authored several articles on conducting and is a noted authority on the band music of Don Gillis.
Fry has three grown children and resides with his wife, Anne, in Columbus, Georgia, where he has been conductor of the Columbus Community Orchestra since 1999 to present. He is also a saxophonist with “DNR,” an all-doctor rock band that plays volunteer benefit performances throughout the Columbus area. Additionally, Fry currently holds a part-time music position at Point University, West Point, GA.
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<a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">Copyright belongs to author</a>
Format
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PDF file
FCS Archives, Publications, Staff, Student and Researcher collection, (hard copy location) Shelf B-4-0
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2020.psts.binder.3.1
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2017
Bands
desegregation
Dr. William E. Fry
integration
Russell High School
South Fulton High School
-
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a86c76dedc86423a0e4b7917e76dd541
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Superintendents
Subject
The topic of the resource
Material produced by the office of the Superintendent of Fulton County Schools
Description
An account of the resource
This collection features documents, correspondence and publications produced by the Superintendents' office.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Paper-based document
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
8.5"x11"
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
University of Georgia School Desegregation Educational Center bulletin, 1968
Subject
The topic of the resource
Georgia
Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VI)
University of Georgia
School integration
Description
An account of the resource
This bulletin was circulated to local school districts as an educational and support plan from a department funded by a grant under Title VI of Civil Rights Act, which mandated desegregation.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
The University of Georgia School Desegregation Educational Center, Athens, Ga
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Fulton County Schools Archives, Hapeville, Ga
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1968
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a><br />FCS Archives does not hold the copyright to this material. Rights for use and reproduction are the responsibility of the researcher.
Format
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Document, paper, 8.5"x11"
FCS Archives, Superintendents Collection, Shelf B-2-5, Box 13, Folder 16
Identifier
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1968.supt.13.16.3
correspondence
desegregation
integration
-
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417066fbbc8cee2d62031c0c28887d70
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Superintendents
Subject
The topic of the resource
Material produced by the office of the Superintendent of Fulton County Schools
Description
An account of the resource
This collection features documents, correspondence and publications produced by the Superintendents' office.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Paper-based document
Physical Dimensions
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8.5"x11"
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Superintendent Paul D. West to Parents, Aug. 7, 1967
Subject
The topic of the resource
Georgia--Fulton County
Correspondence
School superintendents
School Integration
Choice plan
Paul D. West
Description
An account of the resource
As part of the plan to integrate the Fulton County School System in the wake of the Brown v. Board of Education decision by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1954, the Fulton County Board of Education settled on a plan to desegregate the system by allowing each student/parent to choose the school they wished to attend.
Creator
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Superintendent Paul D. West
Publisher
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Fulton County Schools Archives, Hapeville, Ga
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1967
Rights
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<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No restrictions</a>
Format
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Document, paper, 8.5"x11"
FCS Archives, Superintendents Collection, Shelf B-2-5, Box 13, Folder 17
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
1967.supt.13.17.2
correspondence
desegregation
integration
-
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a80011cd3ae29f7892ffeb57f7afd821
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Paul D. West papers, 1921-1974
Subject
The topic of the resource
Georgia--Fulton County
School superintendent
Paul D. West
Description
An account of the resource
Paul D. West (1904-1974) served as superintendent of Fulton County Schools from 1947 to 1971. He had risen from a Spanish teacher at Fulton High School in 1924 and his service was uninterrupted except for a brief stint as field agent for the American Red Cross during World War II.
West graduated from Fulton High School in 1920 and entered Emory University where he earned his first degree by 1923. He would serve as alumni president later in life. AS a student, he also attended Oglethorpe University, the University of Virginia, Middlebury College (CT) and the Sorbonne in Paris.
West would serve as a principal and director of curriculum for Fulton County Schools before becoming superintendent upon the death of his predecessor, Jere A. Wells. He was also selected to serve on President Eisenhower's Committee on Intergovernmental Relations Education Committee (Kestnbaum Commission) in 1953. he also served as president of the Georgia Association of School Superintendents and Board Members, the Georgia Association of County School Superintendents, and the National Conference of County and Rural Area Schools.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Paul D. West
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Paper-based document
Physical Dimensions
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8.5"x11"
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Choice of School Form, 1966
Subject
The topic of the resource
Georgia--Fulton County
School integration
Choice plan
Choice of school form
Description
An account of the resource
After the Civil Right Act of 1964 was signed, the federal government began enforcing the Brown v. Board decision of 1954, which ruled that segregated schools were unconstitutional. In response, the Fulton County Board of Education instituted a Choice Plan to integrate the schools. Under this plan, students and parents could choose which school they wanted to attend.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Fulton County Board of Education
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Fulton County Schools Archives, Hapeville, Ga
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1966
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No restrictions</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Document, paper, 8.5"x11"
FCS Archives, Superintendents Collection, Shelf B-2-5, Box 13, Folder 16
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
1966.supt.13.16.3
correspondence
desegregation
integration
-
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eda3ba0c8d8e58122f9c8cdb40a596ab
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Audio-Visual / Photographs
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Fulton County Schools Archives, Hapeville, Ga
Subject
The topic of the resource
Digitized photograph prints
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains portions of the Fulton County Schools Archives Photograph Inventory. Reformatting is performed upon patron request or to support curriculum standards.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Fulton County Schools Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1924-2000
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Open to research. Use and reproduction is pending review by Fulton County Schools Archives, unless specified as unrestricted at individual item level.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
FCS Archives, Audio/Visual Photograph Collection. Photograph formats specified at item level.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Black and white silver gelatin photograph
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
8”x10”
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Integration Sit-in #7, 1970
Subject
The topic of the resource
Georgia--Fulton County
Student protesters
School integration
Description
An account of the resource
Integration sit-in conducted by Fulton County School students at the Fulton County Schools Administration Building on Cleveland Avenue in East Point, Georgia.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Unknown
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Fulton County Schools Archives, Hapeville, Ga
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1970
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No restrictions</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Gelatin silver print, 8"x10"
FCS Archives Photograph Collection, Shelf H-2-2, Box 1, Folder 10
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
1970.avpt.1.10.7
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
1970.avpt.10.1.7
desegregation
integration
photograph
sit-in
students
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/40118/archive/files/e5f99a1dbd94588eef97576c35da364f.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=IXdEBelNmFXuNPCY74o90y0eU2O6a-ke8a7n7v9m6zYjoQfMHKGGsFx2tMM4Or%7E1ZxzMuJFO5FNa-Md8lHXUt9Q11pDlGW%7EwIQisPO9f4%7EHlQ%7EvJRAYyeJViApTrJMJcqlMfmRDswGJNDBk%7EDRpnIcnU87fFfg8nQAewLA0HykZy6poeHB15et3NNXRWHBW63iKukmB-vvXVLOy1liH7lwG0Ki36XiSdiiYxvdD5FzFx9ObdLBoemA4kVbpfxnsx38p2CLXDJJJfa7RJ7hSLROmVmJnYgX76HBfaiWOnkmBkEgpfbm0e6TRXrzQ%7Ebjehn-LC5LvlwMJjBwURThRVUA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
699abed6ae92d0d25e092b7d129bf995
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Audio-Visual / Photographs
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Fulton County Schools Archives, Hapeville, Ga
Subject
The topic of the resource
Digitized photograph prints
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains portions of the Fulton County Schools Archives Photograph Inventory. Reformatting is performed upon patron request or to support curriculum standards.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Fulton County Schools Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1924-2000
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Open to research. Use and reproduction is pending review by Fulton County Schools Archives, unless specified as unrestricted at individual item level.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
FCS Archives, Audio/Visual Photograph Collection. Photograph formats specified at item level.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Black and white silver gelatin photograph
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
8”x10”
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Integration Sit-in #6, 1970
Subject
The topic of the resource
Georgia--Fulton County
Student protesters
School integration
Description
An account of the resource
Integration sit-in conducted by Fulton County School students at the Fulton County Schools Administration Building on Cleveland Avenue in East Point, Georgia.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Unknown
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Fulton County Schools Archives, Hapeville, Ga
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1970
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No restrictions</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Gelatin silver print, 8.5"x10"
FCS Archives Photograph Collection, Shelf H-2-2, Box 1, Folder 10
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
1970.avpt.1.10.6
desegregation
integration
photograph
sit-in
students
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/40118/archive/files/242027f9bfbb75ecef51e86fd922870e.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=WLazgKLSuMly3ppZxufFvgWZ-Aez0dPMMslYpY09fV7DBRvRKEKS6nIgwwcPai5bRtcVumQ9R2a0tUkYzmpHrcwT6HJSjPGDQ8E%7EZw-cHXv%7E4HR1YuVCA0aXiosq6tU64Aq2v6kdOHD57nfAQGCBGUX6Sl8ZXl8YDSPTN1SWbQHu0yRDHsNQmrEv7my1SlQwGOc0ikD2eVrnVMhEHY2dEJ8pxwwwP2KLigScfhUNQhSsFVr03u-osiszNCCz1aqLpjElFfqcRGIMkDJW%7Eo1UMQgtm56y9dIisDAQnwk4mo0zvuq3oqCACiCzRKJ6%7EFwcR9JOi-OaD3KDZweT3inNAA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
12c7935b09d1ba4b23e42489bcb7ff22
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Audio-Visual / Photographs
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Fulton County Schools Archives, Hapeville, Ga
Subject
The topic of the resource
Digitized photograph prints
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains portions of the Fulton County Schools Archives Photograph Inventory. Reformatting is performed upon patron request or to support curriculum standards.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Fulton County Schools Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1924-2000
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Open to research. Use and reproduction is pending review by Fulton County Schools Archives, unless specified as unrestricted at individual item level.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
FCS Archives, Audio/Visual Photograph Collection. Photograph formats specified at item level.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Black and white silver gelatin photograph
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
8”x10”
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Integration Sit-in #5, 1970
Subject
The topic of the resource
Georgia--Fulton County
Student protesters
School integration
Description
An account of the resource
Integration sit-in conducted by Fulton County School students at the Fulton County Schools Administration Building on Cleveland Avenue in East Point, Georgia.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Unknown
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Fulton County Schools Archives, Hapeville, Ga
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1970
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No restrictions</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Gelatin silver print, 8"x10"
FCS Archives Photograph Collection, Shelf H-2-2, Box 1, Folder 10
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
1970.avpt.1.10.5
desegregation
integration
photograph
sit-in
students
-
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af594c496798770c38beb12032876c54
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Audio-Visual / Photographs
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Fulton County Schools Archives, Hapeville, Ga
Subject
The topic of the resource
Digitized photograph prints
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains portions of the Fulton County Schools Archives Photograph Inventory. Reformatting is performed upon patron request or to support curriculum standards.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Fulton County Schools Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1924-2000
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Open to research. Use and reproduction is pending review by Fulton County Schools Archives, unless specified as unrestricted at individual item level.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
FCS Archives, Audio/Visual Photograph Collection. Photograph formats specified at item level.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Black and white silver gelatin photograph
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
8”x10”
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Integration Sit-in #4, 1970
Subject
The topic of the resource
Georgia--Fulton County
Student protesters
School integration
Description
An account of the resource
Integration sit-in conducted by Fulton County School students at the Fulton County Schools Administration Building on Cleveland Avenue in East Point, Georgia.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Unknown
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Fulton County Schools Archives, Hapeville, Ga
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1970
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No restrictions</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Gelatin silver print, 8"x10"
FCS Archives Photograph Collection, Shelf H-2-2, Box 1, Folder 10
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
1970.avpt.1.10.4
desegregation
integration
photograph
sit-in
students
-
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264d42936edd8943bb9cef874f513a14
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Audio-Visual / Photographs
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Fulton County Schools Archives, Hapeville, Ga
Subject
The topic of the resource
Digitized photograph prints
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains portions of the Fulton County Schools Archives Photograph Inventory. Reformatting is performed upon patron request or to support curriculum standards.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Fulton County Schools Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1924-2000
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Open to research. Use and reproduction is pending review by Fulton County Schools Archives, unless specified as unrestricted at individual item level.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
FCS Archives, Audio/Visual Photograph Collection. Photograph formats specified at item level.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Black and white silver gelatin photograph
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
8”x10”
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Integration Sit-in #3, 1970
Subject
The topic of the resource
Georgia--Fulton County
Student protesters
School integration
Description
An account of the resource
Integration sit-in conducted by Fulton County School students at the Fulton County Schools Administration Building on Cleveland Avenue in East Point, Georgia.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Unknown
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Fulton County Schools Archives, Hapeville, Ga
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1970
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No restrictions</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Gelatin silver print, 8"x10"
FCS Archives Photograph Collection, Shelf H-2-2, Box 1, Folder 10
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
1970.avpt.1.10.3
desegregation
integration
photograph
sit-in
students
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/40118/archive/files/2e4a26ea5234c36841bca0f36957aae9.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=Zqujp4OTKyYb6%7EH5OHZIHsi%7ETnsgxqkOjBNTBzM21B9LMwRDZMEKxgwERB3Iy0qR4K42lAJ8b2NNWgNZB4%7EUSr%7ECjeCdm1j5sRZnvObN%7EFLM5w7WKLDY1Sn4LoMVUJv3wk1lWly9u%7EGHwD5oCar7Uv4BobOk6qqsMwdz2MstscYisHhJ%7EDaFA4RuAnSAYnM%7EKVyGziKkF8gASIwhXperm9q0sJAaquq3jw8kGpx7oPBk6i%7E2ThiP4Td5vVN6x4fzWsG%7EaN6wWgxuF8JYLPnaNH2JiIlPZqg-zV7QYeRUQzRhG3a-MMVqqCKqM3zIFKBOv9Vfe4iNu0sdHqip2HuNog__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
0ce8d58d6a7256f4b10e8a922f268691
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Audio-Visual / Photographs
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Fulton County Schools Archives, Hapeville, Ga
Subject
The topic of the resource
Digitized photograph prints
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains portions of the Fulton County Schools Archives Photograph Inventory. Reformatting is performed upon patron request or to support curriculum standards.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Fulton County Schools Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1924-2000
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Open to research. Use and reproduction is pending review by Fulton County Schools Archives, unless specified as unrestricted at individual item level.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
FCS Archives, Audio/Visual Photograph Collection. Photograph formats specified at item level.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Black and white, silver gelatin photograph
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
8"x10"
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Integration Sit-in #2, 1970
Subject
The topic of the resource
Georgia--Fulton County
Student protesters
School integration
Description
An account of the resource
Integration sit-in conducted by Fulton County School students at the Fulton County Schools Administration Building on Cleveland Avenue in East Point, Georgia.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Unknown
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Fulton County Schools Archives, Hapeville, Ga
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1970
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No restrictions</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Gelatin silver print, 8"x10"
FCS Archives Photograph Collection, Shelf H-2-2, Box 1, Folder 10
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
1970.avpt.1.10.2
desegregation
integration
photograph
sit-in
students
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/40118/archive/files/2ae1ff1721dd8b9721a702043d43e2b7.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=FfffTIOeD6h8DZsZdz1GdxlwLqWhnBZcDIDJ8sD-m3-v0O%7ECt6HdXvmWlh0mAK47fl7jMrKd5N-C3WTIAAHZij1LtHSQr150x9prHHDf6ddsTGFf1SgD2Td3jtS855eSzzq29IIYUoOeavibG0DExrcwaHvvcJIgvGkmKpxQUcnSGVgE%7Edxgp7IIT0vSwXVBUnksnq7pLzrNHusujWOecXQMS8Y7qbxAi1hNN7iALlxzpTKAohtFV-CPFx86jl4BthsEyPBe7YnQdIod2TbdImWr1uFmd-uysrUNfgX6HL8KX6jKAlxoyn7NYpaTvBrsJAUDi-J0azb3IYJ0gnk5gQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
9133342c730ca24ecf2589715e77df8e
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Audio-Visual / Photographs
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Fulton County Schools Archives, Hapeville, Ga
Subject
The topic of the resource
Digitized photograph prints
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains portions of the Fulton County Schools Archives Photograph Inventory. Reformatting is performed upon patron request or to support curriculum standards.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Fulton County Schools Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1924-2000
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Open to research. Use and reproduction is pending review by Fulton County Schools Archives, unless specified as unrestricted at individual item level.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
FCS Archives, Audio/Visual Photograph Collection. Photograph formats specified at item level.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Black and white, silver gelatin photograph
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
8"x10"
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Integration Sit-in #1, 1970
Subject
The topic of the resource
Georgia--Fulton County
Student protesters
School integration
Description
An account of the resource
Integration sit-in conducted by Fulton County School students at the Fulton County Schools Administration Building on Cleveland Avenue in East Point, Georgia.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Unknown
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Fulton County Schools Archives, Hapeville, Ga
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1970
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No restrictions</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Gelatin silver print, 8"x10"
FCS Archives Photograph Collection, Shelf H-2-2, Box 1, Folder 10
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
1970.avpt.1.10.1
desegregation
integration
photograph
sit-in
students
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/40118/archive/files/c0c14c4ef6eebf098a3b1415ade2f0e5.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=Irl1TxTt8SyCagXkoXr%7EF5WyzlKI%7EbeHVme6iz9Z9ahcqv8rOMPeef4yV9cW6nYKH8oacWBN-oilgLkZbb0HtmwaWzy%7E94rVPtQPdNGqSNqvwRiwRnYbiczCVB%7EsVIkvNW-1F9b82iMurA3yy-zWJhmqm6XeWLrvGc4voYi0baV9XTopW7rzrNr2bt2x8M4tkWcSAF91qsZRbQGJv7OwMmHk0kErHZwqNjH%7ERwHUq4hq6mim8C1e7XQQeFGMTjoyCthyDJ95maSSvi4nchq97fmndlCXBR%7ExSwZvEjqBsz6JV908B180TZGtndgIK7hXkdXnvLerLkBLuCwBN8cxAw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
fc9200d391018c75140c5a7f1b8da935
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Paul D. West papers, 1921-1974
Subject
The topic of the resource
Georgia--Fulton County
School superintendent
Paul D. West
Description
An account of the resource
Paul D. West (1904-1974) served as superintendent of Fulton County Schools from 1947 to 1971. He had risen from a Spanish teacher at Fulton High School in 1924 and his service was uninterrupted except for a brief stint as field agent for the American Red Cross during World War II.
West graduated from Fulton High School in 1920 and entered Emory University where he earned his first degree by 1923. He would serve as alumni president later in life. AS a student, he also attended Oglethorpe University, the University of Virginia, Middlebury College (CT) and the Sorbonne in Paris.
West would serve as a principal and director of curriculum for Fulton County Schools before becoming superintendent upon the death of his predecessor, Jere A. Wells. He was also selected to serve on President Eisenhower's Committee on Intergovernmental Relations Education Committee (Kestnbaum Commission) in 1953. he also served as president of the Georgia Association of School Superintendents and Board Members, the Georgia Association of County School Superintendents, and the National Conference of County and Rural Area Schools.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Paul D. West
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Newspaper clipping
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
6"x15"
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
"Pupils Celebrate Eva Thomas 'Win'," Atlanta Journal, 13 September 1969
Subject
The topic of the resource
Georgia--Fulton County
Article
Atlanta Journal
School superintendents
School integration
Student protesters
Eva Thomas High School
Paul D. West
Description
An account of the resource
This article chronicles the controversy over the closing of Eva Thomas High School by the Fulton County Board of Education in the wake of federally-mandated desegregation policies.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Atlanta Journal (Junie Brown)
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Fulton County Schools Archives, Hapeville, Ga
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1969
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a><br />FCS Archives does not hold the copyright to material published by the Atlanta Journal and Constitution. Rights for use and reproduction are the responsibility of the researcher. For more information, http://www.ajcreprints.com.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Newspaper clipping, 6"x15"
FCS Archives Eva Thomas High School Collection, Shelf G-4-3, Box 1 Folder 3
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
1969.fteh.1.3.26
The FCS Archives collections contain historical materials that are products of the time they were created and therefore, reflect the society of that time. Some items contain language that users could find inappropriate or offensive. These items have been retained in their original form to preserve the historic integrity and as a means to foster learning form our collective past. The FCS Archives does not endorse the views as related through these items. Please contact the archives staff at archives@fultonschools.org with any questions or concerns related to this statement.
desegregation
Eva Thomas High School
integration
newspapers